Unseen באנגלית לכיתה יא opinion column, popular science, biography
שלושה קטעי unseen מקוריים ברמת כיתה יא, לבגרות של 5 יחידות. הקטעים ארוכים יותר, כ-400 מילים, וכל אחד מסוג אחר: טור דעה, מדע פופולרי וביוגרפיה. מירי מקריאה משפט אחרי משפט, מילה קשה מקבלת פירוש בלחיצה, ואחרי כל קטע יש שאלות כמו בבגרות: עמדה וטון, מטרה של חלק בקטע, עובדה או דעה, מילת הפניה, הסקה, השוואה בין חלקים, מילה בהקשר ושאלה פתוחה.
בכיתה יא הקטעים ארוכים, בערך 400 מילים, והשאלות בודקות אם הבנתם את הכותב, ולא רק את העובדות. מתחילים בשאלה: איזה סוג טקסט זה?
טור דעה
הכותב רוצה לשכנע. יש בו מילים כמו In my view ו-I would suggest, טענות בעד, טענות נגד ומסקנה. שואלים על העמדה שלו.
מדע פופולרי
מסביר נושא מדעי לקוראים רגילים. יש בו עובדות, דוגמאות מניסויים ותאוריות. שימו לב: תאוריה היא לא עובדה.
ביוגרפיה
מספרת את סיפור החיים של אדם לפי סדר הזמן. שואלים מה השפיע עליו, מה השתנה ומה מלמדים אותנו המעשים שלו.
עמדה וטון
הטון הוא ההרגשה של הכותב: admiring, critical, worried, amazed. מחפשים מילים שמראות רגש, כמו remarkable או surprisingly.
השוואה בין חלקים
שאלה שמשווה שני חלקים בקטע: מה השתנה, או במה הם שונים. קוראים את שני החלקים ומחפשים מילת מעבר כמו However ביניהם.
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מעבדה: קוראים עם מירי ועונים
בחרו קטע. "קראו לי" מקריא משפט אחרי משפט, והמשפט שנקרא צבוע בצהוב. במצב "קוראים לבד" אין קול, ועוברים משפט בעזרת "המשפט הבא". לחיצה על משפט משמיעה רק אותו, ולחיצה על מילה עם קו מנוקד נותנת את הפירוש.
טור דעה
Should Teenagers Have a Four-Day School Week?
Every few years, someone suggests that schools should open only four days a week, and every time the idea is rejected.In my view, it is time to take it .Several school districts in the United States have already tried a four-day week, mainly to save money on buses, heating and cleaning.In most of these districts, the school day became about an hour longer, so students did not lose any learning time.The results were .Teachers reported that improved, because students used the free day for doctor's appointments and family matters instead of missing lessons.Many schools also found it easier to good teachers, who valued the extra day for planning and rest.To my mind, however, the strongest argument is not about money or attendance.It is about what teenagers do with their time.A free weekday gives young people a chance to work on a project they care about, to volunteer, or simply to from a busy week.Too many students today feel by Thursday, and a tired student learns very little.A long weekend can also give families more time together, which many teenagers say they miss.Of course, the idea has serious .Parents who work full time ask an obvious question: who will look after younger children on the fifth day?This is a fair concern, and any school that changes its week must offer activities or for families who need it.Others worry that longer days will be too for younger pupils, whose attention fades in the afternoon.Some research also suggests that test results in maths dropped slightly in a few districts after the change.These are real problems, but they are not reasons to ignore the idea completely.Instead, they are reasons to plan it carefully.A school could, for example, keep the fifth day for clubs, sports and extra help, so that it becomes a different kind of learning day rather than a day off.Therefore, I would a period of one year in a few volunteer schools, with honest of grades, attendance and wellbeing.If the results are good, other schools can follow; if they are not, we will have learned something useful.Either way, we should stop assuming that the way school has always worked is the only way it can work.
עמדה וטון 1. What is the writer's attitude toward the four-day school week?
מטרת הכותב 2. What is the purpose of sentences 3 to 7?
עובדה או דעה 3. Which of these sentences is an OPINION, not a fact?
מילת הפניה 4. In sentence 15, what does "it" refer to (in "families who need it")?
הסקה 5. What can we understand from sentence 7?
השוואה בין חלקים 6. How is the part in sentences 13 to 17 different from the part in sentences 3 to 7?
מילה בהקשר 7. In "too demanding for younger pupils", the word "demanding" means:
שאלה פתוחה 8. What does the writer suggest doing before every school changes, and why?
תשובה לדוגמה: A one-year trial in a few schools, in order to check whether grades, attendance and wellbeing really improve.
מדע פופולרי
Why Octopuses Are So Clever
If you were asked to name an intelligent animal, you would probably think of a chimpanzee, a dolphin or perhaps a dog.Few people would ever choose a creature without a single bone anywhere in its body.Yet scientists now believe that the octopus is one of the most intelligent animals on Earth.An octopus has about five hundred million , roughly as many as a dog.What makes it unusual is where those cells are.Only around a third of them are in its brain, while the rest are spread along its eight arms.This means that each arm can, in a sense, think for itself.An arm can taste, touch and explore a rock while the brain is busy with something completely different.Researchers have watched octopuses solve problems that would challenge many .In laboratory , they have learned to open jars with screw tops in order to reach a crab inside.Some have even escaped from their tanks at night, crossed the floor to another tank, eaten a fish and returned before morning.In the wild, one species collects coconut shells and carries them across the sea floor, later using them as a shelter.This kind of planning ahead was once thought to be to humans and apes.Octopuses are also masters of .Special cells in their skin allow them to change colour and texture in less than a second, so that they into sand, coral or seaweed.Strangely, they seem to do this even though their eyes probably cannot see colour, and scientists are still how they manage it.Why did such a clever animal in the sea?One popular suggests that losing their shell, millions of years ago, made octopuses .Without protection, they had to survive by being smarter than the fish that hunted them.There is, however, a sad side to their story.Most octopuses live for only one or two years, and they never meet their parents, so almost everything they know must be learned alone.Some researchers find this the most fact of all: a lifetime of learning squeezed into a few short seasons.In short, the more closely we study octopuses, the more they challenge our idea of what intelligence looks like.
עמדה וטון 1. Which word best describes the writer's attitude toward octopuses?
מטרת הכותב 2. What is the purpose of sentences 9 to 13?
עובדה או דעה 3. Which of these is presented as a FACT, not a theory or an opinion?
מילת הפניה 4. In sentence 6, what does "them" refer to?
הסקה 5. What can we understand from sentence 21?
השוואה בין חלקים 6. How is the part that begins in sentence 20 different from the rest of the article?
מילה בהקשר 7. In "they blend into sand, coral or seaweed", the word "blend" means:
שאלה פתוחה 8. According to the theory in the article, why did octopuses become so clever?
תשובה לדוגמה: They lost their shell, so they had no protection and had to be smarter than the fish that hunted them.
ביוגרפיה
The Engineer Who Listened to Bridges
When people cross a bridge, they rarely think about whether it is safe.That they can trust it is partly thanks to an engineer whose name few people know.She was born in a small fishing town in nineteen fifty-two, the youngest of five children.Her father repaired boats, and as a child she spent hours in his workshop, listening to the sounds that wood and metal make under .She later said that she learned to hear a crack before she could see it.At university she studied , one of only three women in her year.Her teachers were not always , and one of them told her that bridges were not a suitable subject for a young lady.She ignored him.After , she worked as an , checking old bridges for damage.The work was slow and often dangerous, because inspectors had to climb under bridges and every joint by eye.Worse still, many cracks were hidden inside the concrete, where no inspector could see them.In nineteen eighty-seven, a bridge that she had inspected only months earlier partly .Nobody was killed, but she never forgot it.For weeks she studied the remains, and she discovered that the had started deep inside a steel beam.She became to find a way of discovering damage before it was too late.Her solution was surprisingly simple.She attached small to the steel, which recorded tiny as cars and trucks drove across.A healthy bridge, she discovered, has its own steady voice, and when a crack begins to form, that voice changes slightly.A computer could notice the change long before any human eye.She called it listening to the bridge.At first, few engineers took the idea seriously, and it took her eleven years to find a city to test it.However, once the first system warned of a hidden crack that inspectors had missed, other cities quickly followed.Today, similar sensors listen to thousands of bridges around the world.Engineers say the system has helped to prevent many , although it is impossible to know exactly how many.She received several , but she rarely spoke about them.When a young student once asked her for advice, she answered: "Listen carefully, and do not let anyone tell you which questions are not for you."
מטרת הכותב 1. What is the purpose of sentences 12 to 15?
הסקה 2. What can we understand from sentences 4 and 5?
עמדה וטון 3. What is the writer's attitude toward the engineer?
מילת הפניה 4. In sentence 17, what does "which" refer to?
עובדה או דעה 5. Why is it hard to prove the claim in sentence 24 exactly?
השוואה בין חלקים 6. Compare sentence 21 with sentence 22. What changed?
מילה בהקשר 7. In "She became determined to find a way", the word "determined" means:
שאלה פתוחה 8. What does the engineer's advice to the student mean? Answer in your own words.
תשובה לדוגמה: Pay attention, and do not let other people decide what you are allowed to study or ask about.
לחצו על מילה עם קו מנוקד כדי לשמוע אותה ולראות מה פירושה.
נסו את אלה:
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אסטרטגיות לבגרות וטעויות נפוצות
מילות טון
כדי לזהות עמדה מחפשים מילים שמראות רגש או שיפוט: surprisingly, sadly, remarkable, a fair concern. לפעמים משפט קצר אחד, כמו She ignored him., מגלה מה הכותב חושב.
מילות קישור
However מסמנת שינוי כיוון. Therefore ו-As a result מסמנות מסקנה או תוצאה. For example מסמנת דוגמה. אחרי However נמצאת בדרך כלל הטענה החשובה.
פרפרזה
בשאלה פתוחה כותבים את הרעיון במילים אחרות. במקום made octopuses vulnerable אפשר לכתוב they had no protection. כך רואים שהבנתם, ולא רק העתקתם.
עובדה או דעה?
עובדה אפשר לבדוק: מספר, תאריך, מה קרה. דעה מתחילה הרבה פעמים ב-In my view, I believe או במילים כמו the best ו-the most remarkable. תאוריה היא הסבר אפשרי, עדיין לא עובדה.
Why does the writer say that each arm of an octopus can "think for itself"?
An octopus has about five hundred million nerve cells, roughly as many as a dog.Only around a third of them are in its brain, while the rest are spread along its eight arms.This means that each arm can, in a sense, think for itself.An arm can taste, touch and explore a rock while the brain is busy with something completely different.
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תרגול: קטע ושאלה
קראו את הקטע, או לחצו "השמיעו" כדי לשמוע אותו, וענו על השאלה. אפשר לבקש רמז. אחרי שתי טעויות אפשר לראות את התשובה.
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שאלות שהורים שואלים
מה ההבדל בין unseen של כיתה יא לזה של כיתה י?
הקטעים ארוכים יותר, כ-400 מילים, והשאלות עוסקות יותר בכותב: מה העמדה שלו, מה המטרה של חלק מסוים, מה עובדה ומה דעה, ואיך שני חלקים בקטע שונים זה מזה. צריך לקרוא בין השורות, ולא רק למצוא פרט.
הילד קורא לאט ולא מספיק לסיים. איך עוזרים?
לא צריך להבין כל מילה. קוראים קודם את השאלות, ואז את המשפט הראשון של כל חלק בקטע כדי לקבל תמונה כללית. מילים לא מוכרות מנחשים מההקשר. בעמוד הזה אפשר לקרוא עם מירי במהירות נמוכה, ובהמשך לעבור למצב "קוראים לבד".
איך מתרגלים שאלות של עמדה וטון?
אחרי כל קטע שואלים: האם הכותב בעד, נגד, או רק מתאר? ומאילו מילים רואים את זה? כדאי לרשום רשימה קצרה של מילות טון באנגלית, כמו admiring, critical, worried ו-amused, ולהוסיף אליה מילים חדשות מכל קטע.
מירי